锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷知锟斤拷锟结？

锟斤拷前锟斤拷  

锟绞硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟絊锟斤拷  

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷?ji锟斤拷n)W斯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷稀锟斤拷鉀癸拷锟絉锟絚锟饺伙拷锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷前锟轿凤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷  

1827锟斤拷聡锟�(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟剿奧斯锟截的岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷M(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷取锟絏锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷  

1854锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟揭德維锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟絓锟斤拷锟斤拷木炭锟斤拷食锟絵锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷通锟斤拷锟饺氾拷锟接燂拷玫锟絅aCl锟斤拷AlCl锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟絵锟斤拷锟劫岋拷锟剿忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟絵锟絚锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫碉拷锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷  

1854锟疥，锟铰囷拷(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟揭德維锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭�原锟饺伙拷锟絏锟斤拷锟狡碉拷锟絏锟絍锟斤拷  

1886锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟侥猴拷锟斤拷锟酵凤拷锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟侥猴拷锟斤拷锟截ｏ拷锟街別锟斤拷(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷電斤拷锟斤拷锟节碉拷锟絏锟絓锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷石锟斤拷Na3AlF6锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷频锟斤拷私锟斤拷锟斤拷X锟斤拷锟届定锟剿斤拷锟斤拷規(gu锟斤拷)模锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絏锟侥伙拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷  

锟斤拷锟皆猴拷锟揭伙拷螘r(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟角碉拷锟斤拷锟紽锟藉們锟斤拷锟矫碉拷锟戒寶锟斤拷泰锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟绞碉拷锟斤拷锟狡侊拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟絏锟狡诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1855锟斤拷锟节帮拷锟借博锟絒锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较的岋拷石一锟斤拷展锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷注锟斤拷“锟斤拷(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷陌锟斤拷y”锟斤拷1889锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絋锟斤拷锟叫凤拷還锟斤拷锟矫碉拷锟斤拷锟截伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)贈(z锟斤拷ng)锟酵碉拷锟絏锟较斤拷锟狡成的伙拷瓶锟酵憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷  

锟节讹拷锟斤拷  

锟斤拷锟斤拷凸龋锟斤拷锟斤拷\(y锟斤拷n)锟侥岋拷(xi锟斤拷)  

锟斤拷19锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)末锟斤拷锟絏锟侥價(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷l(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿筹拷千锟斤拷锟侥碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷19锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)70锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟絋锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟剿發(f锟斤拷)電機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絩(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诜锟斤拷锟�(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷Heroult锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷C.M.Hall锟斤拷1886锟斤拷謩e锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟剿岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟杰斤拷锟节憋拷锟斤拷石锟斤拷Na3AlF6锟斤拷锟斤拷電斤拷姆锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷22锟絨锟斤拷锟紷锟�(xi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(chu锟斤拷ng)锟絜使锟絏锟皆达拷規(gu锟斤拷)模锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟届定锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷電斤拷锟絏锟侥癸拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷  

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷  

锟斤拷锟斤拷支锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆庯拷锟斤拷h(hu锟斤拷n)  

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷1956锟斤拷锟絖(k锟斤拷i)始锟斤拷锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟絶锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷一直锟斤拷锟斤拷色锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)前锟絏锟侥產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷計(j锟斤拷)锟姐）锟紿锟斤拷锟斤拷鋼诧拷锟斤拷锟缴烇拷锟斤拷類戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟矫的第讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷伲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷X锟斤拷锟結源十锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟侥礦锟截冿拷(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絪占锟截氾拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷8%锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷  

锟斤拷锟斤拷X锟窖斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)千锟斤拷锟絝(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷類癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷息息锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絯锟劫發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟絏锟接癸拷锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟节革拷锟叫革拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟剿廣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟(yu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷影锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷N锟絏锟斤拷品锟窖廣锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷千锟斤拷锟絝(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷  

锟絏锟斤拷锟杰度猴拷小锟斤拷锟紿锟斤拷2.7g/cm锟斤拷锟絤然锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕軟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡成革拷锟絅锟絏锟较斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷硬锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷硬锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇锟絏锟斤拷锟絋锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷些锟絏锟较斤拷锟絍锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷車锟斤拷锟斤拷車锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟届工锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(w锟斤拷i)锟斤拷也使锟矫达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟较斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟界，一锟杰筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟絪锟斤拷70%锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟较斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷一锟揭达拷锟酵客达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷千锟斤拷锟斤拷  

锟絏锟侥岋拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷詢H锟斤拷锟斤拷锟統锟斤拷锟絶锟酵斤拷锟斤拷锟絤然锟斤拷锟侥岋拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷~锟斤拷2/3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰讹拷只锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷1/3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷輸锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷只锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥わ拷锟斤拷H锟斤拷锟酵革拷锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟侥絕锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷旃わ拷I(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷電撅拷锟斤拷|锟斤拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟酵無(w锟斤拷)锟斤拷電癸拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫廣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷途锟斤拷  

锟絏锟角燂拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷o)锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥岋拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟较匡拷锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷N锟结交锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷散锟斤拷锟斤拷虾痛锟斤拷叩取锟�  

锟絏锟斤拷锟絕锟矫碉拷锟斤拷展锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷展锟皆僅锟斤拷锟节斤拷锟斤拷y锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷100锟芥～150锟斤拷r(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟狡成憋拷锟斤拷0.01mm锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷些锟絏锟斤拷锟絍锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙锟姐煙锟斤拷锟角癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷還锟斤拷锟狡筹拷锟絏锟絲锟斤拷锟絏锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷軋锟狡革拷锟絅锟絏锟斤拷品锟斤拷  

锟絏锟侥憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給(h锟斤拷)膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰碉拷锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫侊拷(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟届化锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絫(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷械锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷b锟矫★拷石锟酵撅拷锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷石锟酵猴拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷锟杰碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷  

锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟統锟斤拷色锟斤拷桑锟揭伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节凤拷末锟斤拷r(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟缴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷色锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫侊拷(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷涂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶稱锟統锟斤拷锟斤拷锟統锟结，锟皆憋拷锟給(h锟斤拷)锟紽锟斤拷品锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷  

锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷燃锟斤拷锟杰放筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥燂拷锟揭拷鄣墓猓拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷毂拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟絏炸藥锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷木炭锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷燃锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟较讹拷锟缴ｏ拷锟斤拷燃锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷铮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷X锟结劑锟斤拷锟斤拷炸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节忥拷锟斤拷锟矫侊拷(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟統锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥匡拷锟�(bi锟斤拷o)锟斤拷坦锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节等ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷铮拷绾拷锟斤拷锟斤拷^68%锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷28%锟斤拷锟絰(ch锟斤拷ng)锟絲4%锟斤拷锟斤拷  

锟絏锟结劑锟斤拷锟矫侊拷(l锟斤拷i)锟桔燂拷锟統锟桔斤拷锟劫猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰夛拷锟�锟斤拷锟絏還锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷^(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫碉拷脫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟桔猴拷石墨锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷鈦ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟劫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤）锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞撅拷锟斤拷锟较猴拷锟斤拷涂锟节斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟竭滐拷锟窖燂拷锟斤拷锟狡筹拷锟酵高滐拷锟侥斤拷锟斤拷锟秸达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷  

锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷姆锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭诧拷芎茫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷饩�锟斤拷锟統锟斤拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絏越锟斤拷锟斤拷锟戒反锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷越锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷顺锟斤拷脕锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷太锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟筋反锟斤拷锟絉锟饺★拷  

锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫э拷锟揭诧拷^锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆廣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵斤拷锟斤拷锟揭冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟届花锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷  

锟酵低滐拷锟斤拷锟絏锟节溫度低時(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟饺凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接讹拷锟給(w锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节低滐拷锟絙锟矫诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷貛锟�(k锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(k锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟较極雪锟斤拷車锟絭锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷a(ch锟斤拷n)锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷  

锟侥革拷锟絖(k锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟皆侊拷(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟叫囷拷(gu锟斤拷)锟絏锟斤拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)取锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃(zh锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷l(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟窖成烇拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟�(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟轿筹拷锟剿忥拷锟絏锟斤拷锟絍锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷電斤拷锟絏锟斤拷锟絏锟接癸拷锟斤拷锟叫發(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟絯锟侥憋拷锟絕锟斤拷锟狡的癸拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟絯系锟斤拷  

2016锟斤拷锟�全锟斤拷(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷電斤拷锟絏锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷3187锟絝(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷2015锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�1.28%锟斤拷锟叫囷拷(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷锟組(f锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷3280锟絝(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷2015锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�8.2%锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷電斤拷锟絏锟侥產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃(zh锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟絟(yu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(f锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷L(zh锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷2016锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟叫業(y锟斤拷)锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞烇拷84.6%锟斤拷90%锟斤拷锟叫業(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷I(y锟斤拷)盈锟斤拷锟斤拷