锟斤拷锟絪锟斤拷軛锟桔猴拷锟斤，锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫斤拷锟劫岋拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷缘锟斤拷袡C(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷铣山锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絶通锟絕Alan Mac Diarmid锟斤拷锟较成斤拷锟劫ｏ拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟桔猴拷锟斤拷锟�?

锟斤拷锟絪锟斤拷軛锟桔猴拷锟斤，锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫斤拷锟劫岋拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷缘锟斤拷袡C(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷铣山锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絶通锟絕Alan Mac Diarmid“锟较成斤拷锟劫ｏ拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟桔猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�”锟斤拷锟剿傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷知锟斤拷該锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节岋拷锟絋锟斤拷B锟紷些锟斤拷锟较碉拷Elsevier锟絪志锟酵囷拷锟紿锟较成斤拷锟劫科學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟絟锟较匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟较成斤拷锟斤拷”锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑使锟矫的時(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟窖斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷L锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷源锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟斤拷@一锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑锟斤拷锟斤拷源锟絭史锟斤拷锟叫憋拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟剿傦拷锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟介靠前锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑锟斤拷Alfred Ubbelohde锟斤拷1969锟斤拷锟絖始锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Weinberg锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷Ubbelohde锟侥傦拷記锟叫匡拷锟斤拷锟揭碉拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“Ubbelohde锟斤拷(chu锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絋锟剿的憋拷锟絖(d锟斤拷)”锟较成斤拷锟劫ｏ拷锟角帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫傦拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟较勶拷(chu锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷些锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟缴非斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷碳锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟戒、锟絬锟截猴拷锟斤拷锟組锟缴碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑锟侥筹拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷Ubbelohde锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1911锟斤拷锟紿erbert Mc Coy锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭碉拷锟斤拷

Herbert Newby Mc Coy锟斤拷1870-1945锟斤拷锟斤拷1898锟斤拷锟斤拷芝锟接革拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟紷锟矫诧拷士锟絎(xu锟斤拷)位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊之前锟斤拷锟叫猶锟斤拷锟捷猴拷芝锟接革拷锟铰毼伙拷锟斤拷m然锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷知锟斤拷锟斤拷稀锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕電解（CH3锟斤拷4N+锟絵锟斤拷1911锟疥靠前位锟狡傦拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟劫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷追锟捷碉拷1808锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟节癸拷锟较斤拷膱锟�(b锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷McCoy锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟斤拷還原锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷示锟斤拷锟斤拷诮锟斤拷锟斤拷c锟侥斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

使锟矫癸拷電極锟斤拷電斤拷a(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟絉锟侥撅拷锟叫斤拷锟劫癸拷傻墓锟斤拷w锟斤拷锟絤然锟斤拷锟角很凤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟角撅拷锟叫斤拷锟劫岋拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷缘锟斤拷@锟斤拷锟缴伙拷锟侥癸拷锟絉锟斤拷Mc Coy锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟缴癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟絤然锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫匡拷锟斤拷锟狡傦拷锟�(f锟斤拷)锟较斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角稱锟斤拷铣山锟斤拷俚锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷些锟組锟斤拷元锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角非斤拷锟劫碉拷锟斤拷”1986锟斤拷锟斤拷Bard锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟介，锟紷些锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)品锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紿锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴癸拷還原NH4+锟斤拷Hg4-锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥碉拷Zintl锟絰锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷耍锟斤拷@些锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷袡C(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡猴拷锟斤拷“锟较成斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷源锟斤拷該锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥獻(xi锟斤拷n)锟叫诧拷锟斤拷使锟矫ｏ拷直锟斤拷1969锟斤拷Ubbelohde使锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�石墨锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟劫次筹拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

Alfred Rene Ubbelohde锟斤拷1907-1988锟斤拷1941锟疥被牛锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷D.Sc. 锟絎(xu锟斤拷)位锟斤拷之锟斤拷锟节皇猴拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟酵帝囷拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)院锟斤拷(d锟斤拷n)锟轿學(xu锟斤拷)锟絞(sh锟斤拷)職位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟芥及一系锟叫匡拷锟叫凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷石墨锟酵诧拷踊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫氾拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟较猴拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷Ubbelohde锟斤拷(b锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷嵌锟斤拷石墨锟紷示锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖(d锟斤拷)2.5×105Scm-1锟斤拷電岋拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷顺蔀锟斤拷峁╋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷袡C(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥匡拷前锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1951锟斤拷锟阶达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷些锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷直锟斤拷1969锟斤拷艑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较成斤拷锟劫★拷1969锟斤拷锟秸擄拷锟斤拷袌锟�(b锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷電岋拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟侥堬拷(b锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角烇拷什么锟斤拷锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷些锟斤拷锟斤拷牟锟斤拷系锟皆拷颉o論什么原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絶之锟斤拷蔀锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷械锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絶锟斤拷

锟斤拷么锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Ubbelohde锟斤拷(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絖锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷“锟较成斤拷锟斤拷”锟紷一锟絶锟斤拷還锟斤拷锟斤拷Mc Coy锟侥癸拷锟斤拷锟叫學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿地岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟侥癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絵锟角诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫結(ji锟斤拷)論锟侥ｏ拷锟絤然Ubbelohde锟侥傦拷記锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结供一些锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要注锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷Ubbelohde锟侥侊拷]锟斤拷聲锟絈锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟侥ｏ拷锟斤拷也锟侥诧拷锟斤拷锟絰锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑锟斤拷锟酵猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷知锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1969锟疥靠前篇論锟斤拷锟叫匡拷前锟斤拷話锟结到锟斤拷“锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷石墨锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟侥發(f锟斤拷)展锟酵匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿成诧拷踊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟紷些锟较成斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷電猴拷锟絛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫烇拷锟阶冿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锌锟斤拷艿锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷锟劫的匡拷使锟斤拷锟皆碉拷锟斤拷r锟斤拷锟斤拷詳锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷”

锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑锟絔锟叫憋拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟絔锟斤拷锟结供锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟捷★拷锟絤然Mc Coy锟斤拷未锟斤拷锟结及锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)該注锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷Ubbelohde锟斤拷1951锟斤拷l(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷2篇锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟絉锟斤拷論锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟絚Mc Coy锟侥合成斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟接碉拷話锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较c Coy锟侥癸拷锟斤拷锟狡猴拷锟角猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絤然锟紷锟斤拷锟杰憋拷锟紺锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絇锟斤拷锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷Ubbelohde锟角忥拷Mc Coy锟角學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑锟侥ｏ拷锟斤拷锟揭沒锟叫拷(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟截發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷@锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絝锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟侥ｏ拷锟斤拷Ubbelohde锟斤拷未锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷J(r锟斤拷n)Mc Coy锟斤拷原锟斤拷?q锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟揭伙拷锟�(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膴W锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷20锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)70锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷l(f锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷慕锟斤拷俨锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)電猴拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷鏈伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷途锟斤拷虻锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟�(xi锟斤拷ng)锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷一系锟叫科學(xu锟斤拷)锟酵碉拷锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷1976锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷W锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷e锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷討锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷些锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟剿員锟桔硷拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥此產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絃锟节的囷拷锟紿锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟絟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紿锟较成斤拷锟劫科學(xu锟斤拷)锟酵硷拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟絟锟斤拷通锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷ICSM锟斤拷該锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟絟锟斤拷1976——1982锟斤拷每锟斤拷锟絜锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷1982锟斤拷锟矫�2锟斤拷锟絜锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷

1976锟斤拷11锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟剿員锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)通锟絕锟斤拷锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷炔锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟皆得碉拷锟竭岋拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷圆锟斤拷希锟組ac Diarmid锟斤拷Heeger锟斤拷Shirakawa锟阶达拷锟节紐锟絪锟叫的第讹拷锟斤拷ICSM锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟絟锟较堬拷(b锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷一锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟紷一锟叫撅拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷F(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷1977锟斤拷末锟斤拷锟侥獻(xi锟斤拷n)锟叫ｏ拷锟侥讹拷锟経(ku锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿合成斤拷锟劫的凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絪锟侥撅拷锟斤拷炔锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷該锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑锟斤拷未锟斤拷锟斤拷原始锟侥撅拷锟斤拷炔論锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷Mac Diarmid锟斤拷1979锟斤拷锟斤拷u(p锟斤拷ng)論锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫讹拷锟絰锟剿合成斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆撅拷锟津氮伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷炔锟斤拷石墨锟侥斤拷锟劫伙拷锟斤拷锟斤。锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)電聚猴拷锟斤拷某锟斤拷m(x锟斤拷)锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷該锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑锟斤拷1991锟斤拷玫锟斤拷M(j锟斤拷n)一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟届，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絪锟桔猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷蹖锟�(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟桔侊拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷烯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷院途郾锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷1979锟斤拷10锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟铰碉拷Elsevier锟絪志锟斤拷锟狡筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絋锟斤拷(b锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟紷些锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷铣山锟斤拷佟锟斤拷锟侥壳帮拷锟街�锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷然锟角碉拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)電诧拷锟斤拷锟絪志锟斤拷

锟较成斤拷锟劫的歷史锟斤拷锟斤拷追锟捷碉拷锟斤拷通锟斤拷锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟斤拷母锟斤拷泳锟斤拷h(yu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭傦拷锟侥岋拷(d锟斤拷o)電诧拷锟较革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕去50锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�“锟较成斤拷锟斤拷”锟紷一锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟絑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥诧拷锟斤拷锟皆忥拷锟阶达拷使锟斤拷锟皆侊拷也锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷r锟铰ｏ拷锟紷些锟斤拷锟较讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Mc Coy锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷1911锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷暮铣山锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脕锟斤拷锟绞�“锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟较斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥組锟斤拷元锟截侊拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫诧拷锟斤拷元锟斤拷锟角非斤拷锟劫碉拷”锟紷一锟絕锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷